CBSE Class 4 EVS – Looking around – Takshila-DPS Pune- Patna-Coimbatore

Author: Gauri Kshirsagar

The following notes are from the academic year 2022-23 of DPS Pune- Patna-Coimbatore, compiled by my twin daughters. These notes include all the important material of the chapter which can be asked in the exam, compiled from the EVS textbook, study course material books and the notes from class.

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CHAPTER 1: GOING TO SCHOOL

Important points:

• An open box made of wood which is attached with the rope tied tightly with strong trees or rocks across the river is – trolley
• In Assam after heavy rainfall, the children use a bridge made up of bamboo and rope to go to school.
• A Tonga is a light carriage drawn by two horses and is used for transportation.
• A simple machine that helps the trolley to move across the rope. Pulley
• A Tonga/Bullock cart/Bicycle is an eco-friendly mode of transport used specially in the plains.
• A bridge made up of cement, bricks and iron rod. Cement (Pucca) Bridge.
• When the snow is soft our feet sink into it and in case the snow is frozen then we may slip and fall while walking on it.
• Transport used by children to reach schools in Rajasthan is camel cart.
• Bridge is a structure built across valleys, water bodies, roads etc. for vehicles and people to move easily.
• Discipline means training of the mind and character.
• Trolley which run on pulley on a rope is used in Ladhak.
• The Landform of a place tells us about the type of transport to be used in that particular area.
• A Pulley is a simple machine that uses grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load.
• In some parts of Kerala a vallam is used by children to go to school.   
• Camels use the hump to store fats which they use for energy when food is scarce.
• The movement of people as well as goods from one place to another is known as transportation.
• Transport used by children to reach schools in Gujarat. Jugad    
• An animal that is best adapted to live in desert conditions. Camel
• A state where children walk on rocky and uneven paths to go to school. Uttarakhand
• The carriage at the back of Jugad is made from planks of wood.
• Deserts like Rajasthan in India have sand all around.
• A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction of force to make work easier.
• The jugad has been made by using waste material.
• Bridges are built across these          : rivers, valleys, streams, lakes

•  
• Children living in a desert:

Mostly in Rajasthan, children go to school in camel cart.

• Children living in villages in the plains:
  • Children use bullock carts or bicycles as a mode of transport to go to school.
  • A light carriage drawn by horses called Tonga is also used as a mode of transport.
  • In some places like Gujrat a special vehicle called ‘Jugad’ is employed. Jugad is a vehicle made by putting together parts from other vehicles or machines.

• Children living in mountainous regions:
  • The children living in snow covered areas like Jammu and Kashmir or Himachal Pradesh, have to walk through miles of snow to reach school. They hold hands and walk carefully because in case the snow is soft, their feet sink into it and in case the snow is frozen then they may slip and fall.
  • Children living in the Rocky Mountains like Uttarakhand walk through the rocky and uneven path for miles to reach school. They can easily race up and down.

• Children living in regions with rivers and valleys:

Children have to cross bridges to go to school. Different types of bridges seen in different places are:

1. In regions with heavy rainfall like in Assam, bamboo and rope bridges are built across the rivers.
   1. In some areas, cement bridges are made across the canals and water bodies. These bridges are made of cement, bricks and iron rods.
   1. In Ladakh, a trolley is used to cross the river.
   1. Children in Kerala use small wooden boats called vallam to go to school.

Question and answers:

Q.1) GIVE REASONS:

A) Children face difficulties while crossing a thick forest. Why?

Ans) In forests in some places, it is so thick that even sunlight does not pass through it. It is also very silent there; you can only hear the sounds of different birds and other creatures. Children might lose their way in the forest and they may face the threat of getting attacked by wild animals.

B) Camel carts are used as a means of transport to carry children in the dessert. Why?

Ans) In desserts, there is sand all around. It gets very hot in the daytime that is why students ride in camel carts to reach school. Camels are best adapted to desserts as they have long eyelashes to protect themselves from sandstorms, and long feet with hooves that do not sink into the sand. Their hump stores fats which is a source of energy when food is scarce.

C) It is difficult for children in snowy areas to go to school.

Ans) It is difficult for children in snowy areas like Jammu and Kashmir or Himachal Pradesh, to go to school because these children have to walk through miles of snow to reach school. They hold hands and walk carefully because in case the snow is soft, their feet sink into it and in case the snow is frozen then they may slip and fall.

D) Cement bridge is stronger than bamboo bridge.

Ans) Cement bridge is made of cement, bricks and iron rods hence It is very strong and stable. Whereas Bamboo Bridge is made up of bamboo poles tied with rope hence it is not very strong.

E) ‘Jugad’ is not an eco-friendly vehicle.

Ans) Jugad is not an eco-friendly vehicle because:

1. Jugad runs on fossil fuel
2. It gives out loud noises (like phut-phut-phut) and smoke.

F) Bicycle is an eco-friendly vehicle.

Ans) Bicycle is an eco-friendly vehicle because:

1. Bicycle does not run on fossil fuel.
2. It does not give out loud noise or smoke.

G) Pulley is a simple machine. Why?

Ans) Pulley is a simple machine because:

1. A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction of a force to make work easier.
2. A pulley is a simple machine that uses grooved wheels and a rope or chain to raise, lower or move a load.

H) Trolley is different from a bridge.

Ans) A trolley is an open wooden box that moves on an iron rope with the help of a pulley whereas bridges are important structures that help to connect two parts of land. They are made of cement, bricks and iron rods (Pucca bridge) or bamboo and rope (Kutcha bridge).

	Trolley		Bridge
1	A trolley is an open wooden box that moves on an iron rope with the help of a pulley.	1	Bridges are important structures that help to connect two parts of land. Pucca bridge is made of cement, bricks and iron whereas kutcha bridge is made of bamboo and rope.
2	Example: In Ladakh, a trolley is used to cross the river.	2	Example:  In regions with heavy rainfall like in Assam, bamboo and rope bridges are built across the rivers.

Q.2) Why do we need bridges?

Ans)  Bridges are important structures that help to connect two parts of land. They provide passage for crossing natural barriers such as lakes, rivers, streams, valleys etc.

Q.3) What is the key factors responsible for the type of transport to be used in an area?

Ans) Landform is the key factor responsible for the type of transport to be used in an area.

Q.4) What are the difficulties faced by children going to school in different areas? (3 points)

Ans) The difficulties faced by children going to school in different areas are:

1. Children in mountainous regions have to walk through miles of snow to reach school. They hold hands and walk carefully because in case the snow is soft, their feet sink into it and in case the snow is frozen then they may slip and fall.
2. In desserts, there is sand all around. It gets very hot in the daytime. That is why students ride in camel carts to reach school.
3. In forests in some places, it is so thick that even sunlight does not pass through it. Children might lose their way in the forest they may face the threat of getting attacked by wild animals

Q.5) Differentiate between Cement Bridge and Bamboo Bridge.

Ans)

	Cement bridge		Bamboo bridge
1	It is made of cement, bricks, and iron rods.	1	It is made up of bamboo poles tied with rope.
2	It is very strong and stable.	2	It is not very strong.
3	It is used by people, animals and vehicles.	3	Only humans can use this bridge to cross.
4	Many people can cross the bridge at a time.	4	Few people can cross the bridge at a time.

Q.6) How do children go to school after the rain in rainfall areas?

Ans)

1. Sometimes after the rain, there is knee-high water everywhere. While holding their books in one hand and bamboo with the other children quickly cross the bamboo and rope bridge to reach school.
2. In some places bricks are laid in the water, on which the children hop and go to school.

Q.7) What is Jugad?

Ans) In some places like Gujrat a special vehicle called ‘Jugad’ is employed for going to school. Jugad is a vehicle made by putting together parts from other vehicles or machines. The front looks like a motorcycle but the carriage at the back is made out of planks of wood. It sounds phut-phut-phut when it runs.

8) What is a Trolley and how does it work?

Ans) In Ladhak, every day children have to cross the river to get to school. The river is wide and deep. There is a strong iron rope across the river. On both the sides it is tied tightly to strong trees or rocks. A trolley is an open wooden box that moves on the iron rope with the help of a pulley. Four or five of the kids sit in the trolley. They reach the other side of the river in a short time.

DEFINE:

1. TRANSPORTATION: The movement of people, as well as goods from one place to another is known as transportation.

• TROLLEY: (1)A trolley is an open wooden box that moves on an iron rope with the help of a pulley. (2)The rope is tied tightly on both sides to strong trees or rock. (3)It is used for crossing a river or a valley in place Ladakh.

• TONGA: A light carriage drawn by horses called Tonga is used as a mode of transport in plains.

• JUGAD: In some places like Gujrat a special vehicle called ‘Jugad’ is employed for going to school. Jugad is a vehicle made by putting together parts from other vehicles or machines.

• SIMPLE MACHINE: A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction of a force to make work easier.

• PULLEY: A pulley is a powerful simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel and a rope or chain to lift, lower or move a load.

Example: Cranes use pulley to lift heavy loads.

How does a pulley make your life easier?

Ans) A pulley is a powerful simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel and a rope or chain to lift, lower or move a load. It can change the direction of force and thus makes our life easier.

What does pulley consists of?

Ans) A pulley consists of a wheel with a grooved rim through which a rope or chain runs.

Where is pulley used?

Ans) Wells, elevators, construction equipment like cranes, flagpole, shutters etc.

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